Dental Glossary

Abscess

An abscess is a pocket of pus that forms due to a bacterial infection. It can develop at the root of a tooth or in the gums. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and a pimple-like bump on the gums. For example, a dental abscess may require draining and antibiotic treatment.

Acrylic

Acrylic refers to a type of plastic material often used in dentures and temporary crowns. It is durable and can be customized to match the color of natural teeth. For instance, temporary crowns are typically made from acrylic before the final crown is placed.

Alveolar Bone

The alveolar bone is the bone that surrounds and supports teeth in the jaw. It is essential for tooth stability. For example, when a tooth is lost, the alveolar bone can resorb or diminish over time.

Amalgam

Amalgam is a dental filling material made from a mixture of metals, including silver, tin, copper, and mercury. It is strong and long-lasting. An example is the use of amalgam fillings for restoring decayed teeth.

Anesthesia

Anesthesia is a medication or numbing agent used to block pain and sensation during dental procedures. For instance, local anesthesia is commonly administered with a needle to numb a specific area before a filling.

Anterior

Anterior refers to the front teeth in the mouth. These include the incisors and canines. For example, a dentist may perform cosmetic procedures on anterior teeth to improve their appearance.

Apex

The apex is the tip or end of a tooth’s root. It is a critical part for root canal treatment. For instance, during a root canal procedure, the dentist removes the infected tissue from the apex of the tooth’s root.

Arch

An arch in dentistry refers to the curved arrangement of teeth in the upper or lower jaw. For example, orthodontic treatments like braces are used to align teeth within the dental arch.

Attrition

Attrition is the gradual loss of tooth structure due to normal wear and tear from chewing and grinding. It can result in tooth flattening over time. For example, attrition may cause sensitivity and the need for dental restorations.

Bicuspid

Bicuspids are the premolar teeth located between the molars and canines. They have two cusps (points). For example, bicuspids are used for chewing and grinding food.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination. In dentistry, it may be performed to diagnose oral lesions or abnormalities. For instance, a dentist may perform an oral biopsy if there are suspicious lesions in the mouth.

Braces

Braces are orthodontic appliances used to straighten and align teeth. They consist of brackets, wires, and bands. For example, a teenager might get braces to correct a misaligned bite.

Bridge

A dental bridge is a fixed prosthetic device used to replace one or more missing teeth. It is anchored to adjacent teeth or implants. For example, a bridge can restore a gap left by a missing tooth.

Canker Sore

A canker sore, or aphthous ulcer, is a painful sore or lesion that can develop inside the mouth. They are usually small, round, and white or gray with a red border. For instance, a canker sore can cause discomfort while eating or speaking.

Cavity

A cavity is a decayed area of a tooth that forms due to the action of bacteria and acids. It appears as a hole or pit in the tooth’s surface. For example, a dentist will fill a cavity with a dental filling to restore the tooth.

Cement

Cement in dentistry refers to a material used to bond or attach dental restorations like crowns and bridges to natural teeth. For example, dental cement holds a crown securely in place.

Composite

Composite is a tooth-colored dental material used for fillings, bonding, and cosmetic dental procedures. It can be matched to the natural tooth color. For instance, composite fillings are used to repair cavities in visible areas of the mouth.

Crown

A dental crown is a tooth-shaped cap that covers and protects a damaged or weakened tooth. It can also improve the appearance of a tooth. For example, a crown is placed over a tooth following a root canal or after significant tooth decay.

Cusp

The cusp is a pointed or raised part of a tooth used for biting and tearing food. Molars typically have multiple cusps. For example, molars have cusps that help with chewing and grinding food.

Deciduous Teeth

Deciduous teeth, often referred to as baby teeth or primary teeth, are the first set of teeth that erupt in childhood. They eventually fall out to make way for permanent teeth. For example, a child’s deciduous teeth will start to shed as they grow.

Dentin

Dentin is the hard tissue underlying the enamel in a tooth. It is less dense than enamel and can transmit sensations. For example, dentin can become exposed when enamel wears away, leading to tooth sensitivity.

Denture

A denture is a removable prosthetic device used to replace missing teeth. It can be complete (full denture) or partial. For instance, a complete denture replaces all teeth in one or both arches.

Diastema

A diastema is a gap or space between two adjacent teeth. It can occur naturally or be closed with orthodontic treatment or dental bonding. For example, a diastema between the front teeth may be closed for cosmetic reasons.

Enamel

Enamel is the hard, outermost layer of the tooth that protects it from decay and damage. It is the hardest substance in the human body. For example, acidic foods can erode enamel, leading to tooth sensitivity.

Endodontics

Endodontics is a branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of dental pulp and root canal problems. For example, endodontists perform root canal therapy to save teeth with infected or damaged pulp.

Extraction

Tooth extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the jaw. This may be necessary if a tooth is severely damaged or decayed. For example, impacted wisdom teeth may require extraction.

Filling

A filling is a dental restoration used to repair a tooth with a cavity. It replaces the decayed portion of the tooth. For example, a dentist will use a dental filling to restore a tooth with a small cavity.

Floss

Dental floss is a thin cord used to clean between teeth and remove food particles and plaque. For example, flossing should be part of daily oral hygiene to prevent gum disease and cavities.

Fluoride

Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent tooth decay. For example, fluoridated toothpaste and water can help protect teeth.

Frenum

A frenum is a fold of tissue that connects the lips, tongue, or cheek to the gum or underlying structures in the mouth. For example, a tight or restrictive lingual frenum can result in tongue-tie.

Gingiva

Gingiva, commonly known as gums, is the soft tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth. Healthy gums are pink and firm. For example, gingivitis is an early stage of gum disease characterized by redness and inflammation of the gingiva.

Gums

Gums, or gingiva, are the soft tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth in the mouth. They play a crucial role in oral health. For example, healthy gums do not bleed when brushing or flossing.

Halitosis

Halitosis is the medical term for bad breath. It can result from various causes, including poor oral hygiene, gum disease, and certain foods. For example, chronic halitosis may be a sign of an underlying dental issue.

Hygiene

Dental hygiene refers to the practice of maintaining oral health through regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups. For example, good oral hygiene can prevent gum disease and tooth decay.

Implant

A dental implant is a surgically placed artificial tooth root used to support a crown, bridge, or denture. For example, dental implants can replace missing teeth and provide a stable foundation for restorations.

Incisor

Incisors are the front teeth with sharp, chisel-like edges used for cutting food. There are four incisors in the upper and four in the lower arch. For example, incisors help with biting into food.

Inlay

An inlay is a type of dental restoration made of materials like porcelain or gold. It is used to repair a tooth with a cavity or damage within the cusp tips. For example, an inlay is custom-made in a dental laboratory and then cemented into place.

Interdental

Interdental refers to the spaces or areas between teeth. For example, interdental brushes or dental floss can help clean these spaces to prevent plaque buildup and gum disease.

Labial

Labial refers to the surface of a tooth that faces the lips. For example, labial braces are attached to the outer surfaces of the teeth to correct their alignment.

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a white or gray patch that can develop on the tongue or inside the cheeks. It is often associated with tobacco use. For example, leukoplakia can be a precancerous lesion that requires evaluation by a dentist.

Lingual

Lingual refers to the surface of a tooth that faces the tongue. For example, lingual braces are attached to the inner surfaces of the teeth to straighten them.

Malocclusion Classes

Malocclusion classes describe the different types of misaligned bites. They are categorized as Class I, Class II, and Class III. For example, a Class II malocclusion, also known as an overbite, involves the upper teeth protruding forward.

Molar

Molars are the large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth used for grinding and chewing food. There are usually six molars in each dental arch. For example, molars are crucial for breaking down food during digestion.

Mouthguard

A mouthguard is a protective device worn over the teeth to prevent injury, such as during sports or to treat teeth grinding (bruxism). For example, athletes wear mouthguards to shield their teeth from impact.

Numbness

Numbness is the loss of sensation, often induced by local anesthesia during dental procedures. For example, a dentist may administer local anesthesia to numb the area before extracting a tooth.

Occlusal

Occlusal refers to the chewing or biting surfaces of the back teeth, including molars and premolars. For example, dental sealants are often applied to the occlusal surfaces to prevent cavities.

Odontalgia

Odontalgia is another term for a toothache, which is pain in or around a tooth. For example, a severe odontalgia may indicate an underlying dental issue.

Onlay

An onlay is a dental restoration that covers and protects the biting surface and one or more cusps of a tooth. It is more extensive than an inlay. For example, an onlay may be used to repair a tooth with a larger cavity.

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, often referred to as the mouth, is the hollow space within the mouth that contains the teeth, tongue, and other oral structures. For example, digestion begins in the oral cavity with the process of chewing.

Overbite

An overbite is a type of malocclusion in which the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. For example, an orthodontist may recommend braces to correct an overbite.

Palate

The palate is the roof of the mouth. The hard palate is in the front, and the soft palate is in the back. For example, the soft palate plays a role in speech and swallowing.

Partial Denture

A partial denture is a removable dental appliance used to replace multiple missing teeth. It is supported by natural teeth or dental implants. For example, a partial denture can fill gaps in the smile caused by missing teeth.

Periodontics

Periodontics is the branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of gum and periodontal diseases. For example, periodontists treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis.

Plaque

Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria and food debris that forms on teeth. It can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. For example, regular brushing and flossing help remove plaque from the teeth.

Pontic

A pontic is an artificial tooth used in a dental bridge to replace a missing tooth. It is suspended between the abutment teeth or implants. For example, the pontic in a bridge serves as the replacement tooth.

Posterior

Posterior refers to the back teeth, including premolars and molars. For example, posterior teeth play a key role in chewing and grinding food.

Prosthodontics

Prosthodontics is a dental specialty that focuses on the restoration and replacement of missing or damaged teeth. For example, prosthodontists design and place dental crowns, bridges, and dentures.

Pulp

Dental pulp is the soft tissue inside a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels. It can become infected or damaged, leading to pain. For example, root canal treatment removes infected pulp to save a tooth.

Radiograph

A radiograph, also known as an X-ray, is a diagnostic image used to visualize the teeth and jawbone. For example, a bitewing radiograph is commonly used to detect cavities between teeth.

Recontouring

Tooth recontouring, also known as dental reshaping, is a cosmetic procedure that involves removing or reshaping small amounts of tooth enamel to improve tooth appearance. For example, recontouring can be used to fix uneven or misshapen teeth.

Removable

Removable in dentistry refers to dental appliances like dentures and some orthodontic devices that can be taken out by the patient. For example, a removable retainer can be worn at night after orthodontic treatment.

Resin

Resin is a tooth-colored material often used for dental fillings, bonding, and cosmetic restorations. For example, resin-based composite fillings are used for small to medium-sized cavities.

Reline

A reline is a procedure that involves modifying the fit of a denture to ensure it remains secure and comfortable. For example, a denture may need a reline if it becomes loose over time due to changes in the jawbone.

Root Resorption

Root resorption is the breakdown and loss of a tooth’s root structure. It can occur due to trauma or inflammation. For example, external root resorption may result from orthodontic treatment.

Sinus Lift

A sinus lift is a surgical procedure that adds bone to the upper jaw when there’s insufficient bone for dental implants. For example, a sinus lift may be necessary before implant placement in the upper back teeth area.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ)

Temporomandibular joint disorder, or TMJ disorder, refers to problems with the jaw joint and surrounding muscles. It can cause pain and dysfunction. For example, TMJ disorder can lead to jaw pain, headaches, and difficulty opening the mouth.

Tooth Decay

Tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is the destruction of tooth structure by acids produced by bacteria. For example, poor oral hygiene and excessive sugar consumption can lead to tooth decay.

Toothbrush

A toothbrush is a dental hygiene tool used for cleaning teeth. It has bristles that remove plaque and food debris. For example, brushing with a toothbrush should be done at least twice a day.

Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a dental care product used in conjunction with a toothbrush to clean teeth. It often contains fluoride to help prevent tooth decay. For example, toothpaste should be applied to the toothbrush before brushing.

Ultrasonic Scaler

An ultrasonic scaler is a dental tool that uses high-frequency vibrations to remove tartar and plaque from teeth. For example, during a dental cleaning, the hygienist may use an ultrasonic scaler to clean teeth more efficiently.

Veneer

A veneer is a thin, custom-made shell of porcelain or composite resin used to cover the front surface of a tooth. It can enhance the appearance of teeth. For example, veneers can be used to correct discolored or misshapen teeth.

Wisdom Teeth

Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, are the last set of molars to erupt in the late teens or early twenties. They may require removal if they cause problems like impaction. For example, impacted wisdom teeth can lead to pain and swelling.

X-ray

An X-ray, or radiograph, is a diagnostic image used in dentistry to view the teeth, jawbone, and surrounding structures. For example, a panoramic X-ray provides a comprehensive view of the entire mouth.

Abrasion

Dental abrasion is the wear of tooth enamel due to mechanical forces such as toothbrushing with excessive force or using abrasive toothpaste. It can lead to tooth sensitivity.

Absorbent Paper Points

Absorbent paper points are small, sterile cones used in endodontics to dry and clean the root canals after irrigation. They absorb excess moisture and disinfect the area.

Alveoloplasty

Alveoloplasty is a surgical procedure to reshape the alveolar bone after tooth extraction, making it more suitable for dental prosthetics like dentures.

Amelogenesis

Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation during tooth development. It involves the deposition of enamel matrix by ameloblast cells.

Ankylosis

Ankylosis in dentistry refers to the fusion of a tooth root to the jawbone, inhibiting tooth movement. It can lead to the loss of the affected tooth.

Apicoectomy

An apicoectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the tip of a tooth’s root, often necessary when a root canal treatment is unsuccessful.

Articulator

An articulator is a device used in prosthodontics and dental lab work to simulate the movements and positions of the jaw for precise restorative work.

Autogenous Graft

An autogenous graft is a bone graft that uses the patient’s own bone from one area of the body to repair or augment the jawbone.

Bicuspidization

Bicuspidization is a dental procedure that involves splitting a molar into two separate bicuspid-like teeth for improved function and aesthetics.

Biofilm

Biofilm is a community of bacteria that forms a slimy layer on teeth, leading to plaque and dental problems if not removed through proper oral hygiene.

Canine

Canine teeth are the pointed teeth located next to the incisors. They are essential for tearing and holding food.

Cantilever Bridge

A cantilever bridge is a type of dental bridge that is supported on one side only, often used when there’s only one healthy adjacent tooth.

Caries

Caries is another term for tooth decay, resulting from the demineralization of enamel and the formation of cavities.

Cementum

Cementum is a calcified tissue that covers the tooth’s roots, providing a secure anchor for periodontal ligaments.

Crossbite

A crossbite occurs when the upper teeth are inside the lower teeth, causing misalignment. It can be corrected with orthodontic treatment.

Cyst

A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can develop in the jawbone or soft tissues of the mouth, often requiring surgical removal.

Dentigerous Cyst

A dentigerous cyst is a cyst that forms around an unerupted tooth. It can impede tooth eruption and may need surgical removal.

Dentition

Dentition refers to the arrangement and condition of the teeth in the mouth. It can vary from person to person.

Edentulous

Edentulous refers to a state of complete tooth loss, where the patient is missing all natural teeth.

Enameloplasty

Enameloplasty is the reshaping of tooth enamel for cosmetic or functional purposes, often done to improve tooth appearance or alignment.

Excision

Excision is the surgical removal of tissue, such as oral lesions, tumors, or cysts.

Fissure Sealant

A fissure sealant is a protective coating applied to the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars to prevent cavities.

Flap Surgery

Flap surgery is a periodontal procedure that involves lifting the gum tissue to access and treat deeper areas of the teeth and bone.

Forceps

Dental forceps are specialized instruments used by dentists to grasp and extract teeth.

Gingivectomy

A gingivectomy is a surgical procedure to remove or reshape gum tissue, often performed to treat gum disease or improve aesthetics.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the early stage of gum disease characterized by redness, inflammation, and bleeding of the gums.

Hypersensitivity

Dental hypersensitivity refers to tooth sensitivity, which can occur when the dentin is exposed, causing discomfort when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages.

Infection Control

Infection control measures in dentistry include protocols to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in the dental office.

Labial Frenum

The labial frenum is the tissue that connects the upper lip to the upper gum. An abnormal attachment can lead to a space between the front teeth or speech issues.

Mandible

The mandible is the lower jawbone, which contains the lower teeth and is responsible for jaw movement.

Maxilla

The maxilla is the upper jawbone that houses the upper teeth and forms the roof of the mouth.

Mucosa

Mucosa refers to the moist, soft tissue that lines the oral cavity, including the cheeks, tongue, and palate.

Oral Mucosa

The oral mucosa is the specific mucous membrane lining the oral cavity, which can be affected by various conditions, including ulcers and infections.

Overdenture

An overdenture is a removable denture that is supported by natural teeth or dental implants. It provides stability and retention.

Palatoplasty

Palatoplasty is a surgical procedure to repair a cleft palate, where there’s an opening in the roof of the mouth.

Pedodontics

Pedodontics, or pediatric dentistry, is the branch of dentistry focused on the oral health of children and adolescents.

Periapical

Periapical refers to the area around the tip of a tooth’s root. A periapical X-ray is used to visualize this region.

Pericoronitis

Pericoronitis is inflammation of the soft tissues around a partially erupted wisdom tooth, often causing pain and swelling.

Pontic Design

Pontic design in a dental bridge refers to the shape and contour of the artificial tooth that replaces a missing natural tooth.

Porcelain

Porcelain is a dental material known for its natural appearance and is often used in crowns and veneers.

Pulpotomy

A pulpotomy is a dental procedure that involves removing the inflamed pulp from the crown of a tooth while preserving the healthy pulp in the root.

Reline

A reline is a procedure to reshape the tissue side of a denture to ensure a comfortable and secure fit.

Root Resorption

Root resorption is the loss of a tooth’s root structure, which can be internal (inside the tooth) or external (outside the tooth).

Stomatitis

Stomatitis is the general term for inflammation of the oral mucosa, which can result from various causes, including infection, irritation, or systemic conditions.

Tartar

Tartar, or dental calculus, is a hard, mineralized deposit on teeth that can only be removed by a dental professional.

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is the medical term for dry mouth, a condition where there is a reduced production of saliva, potentially leading to oral health issues.